FAKIR MOHAN SENAPATI
Born on January 14, 1843, at Mallikashpur in Balasore. Father, Laxman Charan Senapati and
mother Tulsi Devi. He played a leading role in establishing the distinct identity of Oriya language and
literature. Fakirmohan Senapati is regarded as the father of Oriya nationalism
and the modern Oriya literature. He dedicated his life for the progress of
Oriya language in the later 19th and early 20th century. The story of
Fakirmohan is indeed the story of the Renaissance of Oriya literature.
Besides he was a social reformer and educator who used his pen to criticize
and correct the aberrations prevalent in the society. He is called the father of
Oriya fiction.
He is aptly called as Thomas Hardy of Orissa. The four novels of
Fakirmohan, written between 1897 and 1915, reflect the socio-cultural
conditions of Orissa during the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. While
the three novels, Chhamana Atha Guntha, Mamu and Prayaschita explore
the realities of social life in its multiple dimensions. Lachhma is a historical
romance dealing with the anarchical conditions of Orissa in the wake of Maratha
invasions during the eighteenth century. He has written quite a few memorable short stories, such as
Rebati, Patent Medicine and Randipua Ananta. Fakir Mohan is also the writer of the first autobiography
in Oriya, Atma Jeevan Charita .
Fakir Mohans first original poem Utkala Bhramanam (Tours of Orissa) appeared in 1892. It
is not really a travel book but rather an unusual and humorous survey of the contemporary personalities
prominent in the then public life of Orissa. His other original poems published are Puspamala (The
Garland), Upahar (Gift), Puja Phula (Flowers of Worship), Prarthana (Prayer) and Dhuli (Dust-grains).
Fakir Mohan Senapati translated single handed the whole of the Ramayana and the Mahabharat.
For having translated both the Ramayan and the Mahabharat single handed and his wide versatility
in the word of letters, he is popularly known as Vyasakabi in Orissa. He was also conferred the title
Saraswati by the king of Bamra, the then feudal state. A great lover and a creator of new era in Oriya
literature he was the founder of an organization called Utkala Bhasa Unnati Bidhani Sabha, which was
started in 1867 to create a new awareness among the people of Orissa and to propagate Oriya language.
Died on June 14, 1918.
mother Tulsi Devi. He played a leading role in establishing the distinct identity of Oriya language and
literature. Fakirmohan Senapati is regarded as the father of Oriya nationalism
and the modern Oriya literature. He dedicated his life for the progress of
Oriya language in the later 19th and early 20th century. The story of
Fakirmohan is indeed the story of the Renaissance of Oriya literature.
Besides he was a social reformer and educator who used his pen to criticize
and correct the aberrations prevalent in the society. He is called the father of
Oriya fiction.
He is aptly called as Thomas Hardy of Orissa. The four novels of
Fakirmohan, written between 1897 and 1915, reflect the socio-cultural
conditions of Orissa during the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. While
the three novels, Chhamana Atha Guntha, Mamu and Prayaschita explore
the realities of social life in its multiple dimensions. Lachhma is a historical
romance dealing with the anarchical conditions of Orissa in the wake of Maratha
invasions during the eighteenth century. He has written quite a few memorable short stories, such as
Rebati, Patent Medicine and Randipua Ananta. Fakir Mohan is also the writer of the first autobiography
in Oriya, Atma Jeevan Charita .
Fakir Mohans first original poem Utkala Bhramanam (Tours of Orissa) appeared in 1892. It
is not really a travel book but rather an unusual and humorous survey of the contemporary personalities
prominent in the then public life of Orissa. His other original poems published are Puspamala (The
Garland), Upahar (Gift), Puja Phula (Flowers of Worship), Prarthana (Prayer) and Dhuli (Dust-grains).
Fakir Mohan Senapati translated single handed the whole of the Ramayana and the Mahabharat.
For having translated both the Ramayan and the Mahabharat single handed and his wide versatility
in the word of letters, he is popularly known as Vyasakabi in Orissa. He was also conferred the title
Saraswati by the king of Bamra, the then feudal state. A great lover and a creator of new era in Oriya
literature he was the founder of an organization called Utkala Bhasa Unnati Bidhani Sabha, which was
started in 1867 to create a new awareness among the people of Orissa and to propagate Oriya language.
Died on June 14, 1918.
UTKAL GOURAB MADHUSUDAN DAS
Born on 1848, April 28 at Satyabhamapur of Cuttack District. Father Choudhuri Raghunath
Das, MotherParvati Devi. Madhusudan Das was the first Oriya to fetch the degree of M.A.B.L., from
Calcutta University. He was popularly known as Madhu Barrister, respectfully regarded and addressed
as Utkal Gourav. He was deeply moved and shocked to see the discrimination, made against the
Oriyas by administrative authority. He was convinced that the miserable plight of the Oriyas was only
due to the apathetic and indifferent attitude of authorities towards the interest of the Oriya people. The
Oriyas could not stand united only because of their vivisection and annexation with three different
MAKERS OF MODERN ORISSA
52
ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL - 2009
provinces. So, he took a solid stand for the unification of the scattered Oriyas by organising and
mobilising strong public opinion among the Oriyas and pressurised the British rulers for the unification
of the scattered Oriya-speaking tracts for the socio-economic and cultural growth of the Oriyas at
large.
Madhusudan organised Utkal Union Conference to form the channel
for discussion and negotiations with the authorities to solve the problems
and open avenues for a new era of unification and integration and played a
piloting role in engineering the plans and programmes, pioneering the aims
and objectives and championing the cause of the Oriya movement. Utkal
Sammilani came into existence in the year 1903 with the extinction of Utkal
Sabha, it spearheaded the movement of the unification of Oriya-speaking
units under one administration with right earnestness, disciplined plans and
programmes.
Due to the ability and inspiration of Mr. Das, people of all categories
and sections conglomerated under one political banner. It inspired people
with a surging up feeling of oneness of culture, tradition and language and a rare sense of nationality.
This impact thundered the sky of Orissa. It went up to such an extent that freedom movement and the
Oriya movement got inter-linked under the stable leadership of Mr. Das and Utkalmani Gopabandhu
Das. Sometimes the two movements were lacking harmony on the issue of priority. This situation
impelled people to join hands with Mr. Das in the forum of Oriya movement, then the Congress. Utkal
Sammilani or the Utkal Union Conference maintained its separate identity from the Congress.
As a legislator, Madhusudan Das acclaimed a commendable height of wide appreciation and
position. It was mostly due to his sharp wit and inspiring speech of effective magnitude. He was
selected as the Minister of local self-Government of Bihar-Orissa.
He was a leader of versatile performance and could arrest appreciation and love of the people and
the Government during the tenure of his ministry. Inspite of his popularity, he resigned in 1923 on a
matter of principle. It speaks of his integrity.
His journalism was in starting a weekly paper The Oriya in 1917. It was his intense desire to
voice by highlighting the interest of Oriyas, criticising the Governments policy through this channel of
weekly paper. He was very genuine and emphatic in his voice and action.
He was a national pioneer and a staunch patron of Orissan development. Within the breath of 86
years, he breathed his last on the 4th February 1934. He was a bonafide benefactor, a nationalist in
true sense, acquiring the first Master Degree and first B.L. Degree as the first Oriya. He was the first
Oriya to be the member of Legislative Council, the first Oriya to sail abroad to visit England twice and
to have the membership of Central Legislative Assembly as the first Oriya and the first Indian Minister.
Das, MotherParvati Devi. Madhusudan Das was the first Oriya to fetch the degree of M.A.B.L., from
Calcutta University. He was popularly known as Madhu Barrister, respectfully regarded and addressed
as Utkal Gourav. He was deeply moved and shocked to see the discrimination, made against the
Oriyas by administrative authority. He was convinced that the miserable plight of the Oriyas was only
due to the apathetic and indifferent attitude of authorities towards the interest of the Oriya people. The
Oriyas could not stand united only because of their vivisection and annexation with three different
MAKERS OF MODERN ORISSA
52
ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL - 2009
provinces. So, he took a solid stand for the unification of the scattered Oriyas by organising and
mobilising strong public opinion among the Oriyas and pressurised the British rulers for the unification
of the scattered Oriya-speaking tracts for the socio-economic and cultural growth of the Oriyas at
large.
Madhusudan organised Utkal Union Conference to form the channel
for discussion and negotiations with the authorities to solve the problems
and open avenues for a new era of unification and integration and played a
piloting role in engineering the plans and programmes, pioneering the aims
and objectives and championing the cause of the Oriya movement. Utkal
Sammilani came into existence in the year 1903 with the extinction of Utkal
Sabha, it spearheaded the movement of the unification of Oriya-speaking
units under one administration with right earnestness, disciplined plans and
programmes.
Due to the ability and inspiration of Mr. Das, people of all categories
and sections conglomerated under one political banner. It inspired people
with a surging up feeling of oneness of culture, tradition and language and a rare sense of nationality.
This impact thundered the sky of Orissa. It went up to such an extent that freedom movement and the
Oriya movement got inter-linked under the stable leadership of Mr. Das and Utkalmani Gopabandhu
Das. Sometimes the two movements were lacking harmony on the issue of priority. This situation
impelled people to join hands with Mr. Das in the forum of Oriya movement, then the Congress. Utkal
Sammilani or the Utkal Union Conference maintained its separate identity from the Congress.
As a legislator, Madhusudan Das acclaimed a commendable height of wide appreciation and
position. It was mostly due to his sharp wit and inspiring speech of effective magnitude. He was
selected as the Minister of local self-Government of Bihar-Orissa.
He was a leader of versatile performance and could arrest appreciation and love of the people and
the Government during the tenure of his ministry. Inspite of his popularity, he resigned in 1923 on a
matter of principle. It speaks of his integrity.
His journalism was in starting a weekly paper The Oriya in 1917. It was his intense desire to
voice by highlighting the interest of Oriyas, criticising the Governments policy through this channel of
weekly paper. He was very genuine and emphatic in his voice and action.
He was a national pioneer and a staunch patron of Orissan development. Within the breath of 86
years, he breathed his last on the 4th February 1934. He was a bonafide benefactor, a nationalist in
true sense, acquiring the first Master Degree and first B.L. Degree as the first Oriya. He was the first
Oriya to be the member of Legislative Council, the first Oriya to sail abroad to visit England twice and
to have the membership of Central Legislative Assembly as the first Oriya and the first Indian Minister.
GANGADHAR MEHER
Born on August 9, 1862 on the day of Sravana Purnima at Barapalli,
Sambalpur in a weaver family. Educated up to 5th class. Dr. Mayadhar
Mansingh has high esteem for Gangadhar Meher and in his History of Oriya
literature he has opined All told, Gangadhar Meher is one of the rarest
personalities and poets in the whole range of Oriya Literature. His poetic
creation includes PRANAYA-BALLARI, KICHAKA BADHA, INDUMATI,
UTKAL LAXMI, AYODHYA DRUSYA, KABITA KALLOLA, ARGHYA
THALI, AHALYA STABA, MAHIMA BHARATI BHABANA, KUMARA
JANMOTSAV, BHAKTI UPAHAR, PADMINI, KABITA MALA & KRUSHAKA
SANGITA. His prose creation include ATMA JEEVANI, SHRI NRUPARAJ
SINGH, PURANA KABI FAKIR MOHAN, SWARGIYA KASHINATHPANDA, EHAKI PRUTHIBIRA SABDA?, SIKSHIT, ASIKHSIT & SIKSHYA BHIMANINI.
The popularity of the literary creation are due to narration of the beauty of the nature just like
Kabibara Radhanath Ray. It is unique. Gangadhar is widely known as poet of nature, can be compared
with poet Shelly, Byron and Keats. Gangadhar was Radhanath followist but was the messenger of
Upendra Bhanjas style and ideals. His popularity is not accidental. There are many reasons behind
this. Just like Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja, his poetries are replete with high ornamental words, unique
composition style, using in befitting cases, simile and metaphor and appropriate words. His poetries
are sonorous of rhythm of words and languages. He is rated as a great poet in Indian Literature. Died on
April 4, 1924. His poetries can be divided into lyrics, devotional, patriotic, reformative, ethical, agricultural,
elegy, and narration of nature.
Sambalpur in a weaver family. Educated up to 5th class. Dr. Mayadhar
Mansingh has high esteem for Gangadhar Meher and in his History of Oriya
literature he has opined All told, Gangadhar Meher is one of the rarest
personalities and poets in the whole range of Oriya Literature. His poetic
creation includes PRANAYA-BALLARI, KICHAKA BADHA, INDUMATI,
UTKAL LAXMI, AYODHYA DRUSYA, KABITA KALLOLA, ARGHYA
THALI, AHALYA STABA, MAHIMA BHARATI BHABANA, KUMARA
JANMOTSAV, BHAKTI UPAHAR, PADMINI, KABITA MALA & KRUSHAKA
SANGITA. His prose creation include ATMA JEEVANI, SHRI NRUPARAJ
SINGH, PURANA KABI FAKIR MOHAN, SWARGIYA KASHINATHPANDA, EHAKI PRUTHIBIRA SABDA?, SIKSHIT, ASIKHSIT & SIKSHYA BHIMANINI.
The popularity of the literary creation are due to narration of the beauty of the nature just like
Kabibara Radhanath Ray. It is unique. Gangadhar is widely known as poet of nature, can be compared
with poet Shelly, Byron and Keats. Gangadhar was Radhanath followist but was the messenger of
Upendra Bhanjas style and ideals. His popularity is not accidental. There are many reasons behind
this. Just like Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja, his poetries are replete with high ornamental words, unique
composition style, using in befitting cases, simile and metaphor and appropriate words. His poetries
are sonorous of rhythm of words and languages. He is rated as a great poet in Indian Literature. Died on
April 4, 1924. His poetries can be divided into lyrics, devotional, patriotic, reformative, ethical, agricultural,
elegy, and narration of nature.
SRIRAM CHANDRA BHANJA DEO
Born on 17th December 1870 in a royal family of princely state of
Mayurbhanj. Sri Ram Chandra ascended the throne on 15th August 1892. He
worked for the all-round development of Mayurbhanj state and implemented
various benevolent measures for the welfare of the people. Pandit Utkalmani
Gopabandhu became the friend, philosopher and guide of this ruler. Sri Ram
Chandra brought about significant changes in the spheres of language, health
and administration. A narrow gauge railway was commissioned between Rupsa
- Baripada during his reign. He constructed two major reservoirs at Haldiha
and Haladia with an expenditure of Rs.6 lakh from royal treasury. Similarly in
the educational sector he raised the number of primary schools from 44 to
400 in his royal jurisdiction.
Although he was the king of Mayurbhanj, he had great love for the entire Orissa. Under the able
leadership of Madhusudan he gave momentum to the cause of making of Orissa a separate Province.
In 1903 Sri Ram Chandra presided over the 1st session of Utkal Sammilani. Afterwards owing to the
concerted efforts of this Sammilani the dream of Orissa for becoming a separate state came to reality
on 1st April 1936. This illustrious son of Orissa passed away on 12th February 1912.
Mayurbhanj. Sri Ram Chandra ascended the throne on 15th August 1892. He
worked for the all-round development of Mayurbhanj state and implemented
various benevolent measures for the welfare of the people. Pandit Utkalmani
Gopabandhu became the friend, philosopher and guide of this ruler. Sri Ram
Chandra brought about significant changes in the spheres of language, health
and administration. A narrow gauge railway was commissioned between Rupsa
- Baripada during his reign. He constructed two major reservoirs at Haldiha
and Haladia with an expenditure of Rs.6 lakh from royal treasury. Similarly in
the educational sector he raised the number of primary schools from 44 to
400 in his royal jurisdiction.
Although he was the king of Mayurbhanj, he had great love for the entire Orissa. Under the able
leadership of Madhusudan he gave momentum to the cause of making of Orissa a separate Province.
In 1903 Sri Ram Chandra presided over the 1st session of Utkal Sammilani. Afterwards owing to the
concerted efforts of this Sammilani the dream of Orissa for becoming a separate state came to reality
on 1st April 1936. This illustrious son of Orissa passed away on 12th February 1912.
UTKALAMANI PANDIT GOPABANDHU DAS
Born9th October 1877
The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, has aptly written, The second half of the 19th century
gave birth to outstanding men and women in various parts of the country. The brilliance, social reforms,
education, law and literature are astonishing. Shri Gopabandhu Das was one
such nation builder.
The age long hopes, yearning and prayers of the people of Orissa
were fulfilled with the advent of Utkalamani Gopabandhu. He was the builder
of modern Orissa and was the source of inspiration and ideals for her people.
He dedicated himself completely for the country to that extent that he had to
lose his only son in his bid to redress the suffering of others. He wanted a
society free from poverty and ignorance where man could live this self- respcet
and would be able to develop his own consciousness. He vowed and worked
throughout his life to achieve the objective.
Recognising the noble standings of Gopabandu, Acharya Prafulla
Chandra Ray on 28.6.1924 the veteran scientist and patriot of Bengal assigned
the title of Utkalamani, (Jewel of Utkal) to his name. In 1909 he had started Satyavadi (M.E. National)
school with Pandit Nilakantha Das and others in which Pandit Godavarish and Acharya Harihar also
joined little later. The school soon became popular, for its qualitative and character building values.
Along with Madhusudan Das he continued his struggle to arouse the people of Orissa to press their
demands for the separate Orissa province through Utkal Union Conference. He gave it a new image by
his practical works to keep up the cultural, literary and linguistic affinity and independent identity of
Oriyas then living in Bihar, Bengal and other provinces. He started an Oriya historical at Chakradharapur
and deputed Pandit Godabarisha to take charge of it. At Bahadaguda of Dhalbhum he also started an
Oriya M.E. School. Then in order to spread the Oriya language and literature he started weekly
Samaja on the 4th October 1919.
His immortal words still inspire the younger generation.
Let my body mingle with the dust of this Land,
And let my country men walk along my back.
Let all the holes in the road of freedom be filled with my blood & bone,
And let my life be sacrificed when my people awake into freedom .
He was a poet par excellence. The idea of nationalism and love for Lord Jagannath & Puri
has been emotionally described in his poem.
The Indian-lotus blooms in the world- pond
And the Holy Nilachal is like pollens in one lotus,
And whenever I am in India I am always in my room,
In my eyes the Indian stone is a holy stone,
And every place is as beloved as my Puri,
And all water is as holy as the water of fine holy rivers,
And every holy place is my Nilachal.
Bandira Atmakatha & Abakasha Chinta are his unique creations. He was versatile, genius, a freedom
fighter, maker of modern Orissa, saviour of Oriya language, a social worker, and ideal teacher,
philanthrophist, journalist, poet, philosopher and a preacher of Jagannath cult. Died on 17th June 1928.
The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, has aptly written, The second half of the 19th century
gave birth to outstanding men and women in various parts of the country. The brilliance, social reforms,
education, law and literature are astonishing. Shri Gopabandhu Das was one
such nation builder.
The age long hopes, yearning and prayers of the people of Orissa
were fulfilled with the advent of Utkalamani Gopabandhu. He was the builder
of modern Orissa and was the source of inspiration and ideals for her people.
He dedicated himself completely for the country to that extent that he had to
lose his only son in his bid to redress the suffering of others. He wanted a
society free from poverty and ignorance where man could live this self- respcet
and would be able to develop his own consciousness. He vowed and worked
throughout his life to achieve the objective.
Recognising the noble standings of Gopabandu, Acharya Prafulla
Chandra Ray on 28.6.1924 the veteran scientist and patriot of Bengal assigned
the title of Utkalamani, (Jewel of Utkal) to his name. In 1909 he had started Satyavadi (M.E. National)
school with Pandit Nilakantha Das and others in which Pandit Godavarish and Acharya Harihar also
joined little later. The school soon became popular, for its qualitative and character building values.
Along with Madhusudan Das he continued his struggle to arouse the people of Orissa to press their
demands for the separate Orissa province through Utkal Union Conference. He gave it a new image by
his practical works to keep up the cultural, literary and linguistic affinity and independent identity of
Oriyas then living in Bihar, Bengal and other provinces. He started an Oriya historical at Chakradharapur
and deputed Pandit Godabarisha to take charge of it. At Bahadaguda of Dhalbhum he also started an
Oriya M.E. School. Then in order to spread the Oriya language and literature he started weekly
Samaja on the 4th October 1919.
His immortal words still inspire the younger generation.
Let my body mingle with the dust of this Land,
And let my country men walk along my back.
Let all the holes in the road of freedom be filled with my blood & bone,
And let my life be sacrificed when my people awake into freedom .
He was a poet par excellence. The idea of nationalism and love for Lord Jagannath & Puri
has been emotionally described in his poem.
The Indian-lotus blooms in the world- pond
And the Holy Nilachal is like pollens in one lotus,
And whenever I am in India I am always in my room,
In my eyes the Indian stone is a holy stone,
And every place is as beloved as my Puri,
And all water is as holy as the water of fine holy rivers,
And every holy place is my Nilachal.
Bandira Atmakatha & Abakasha Chinta are his unique creations. He was versatile, genius, a freedom
fighter, maker of modern Orissa, saviour of Oriya language, a social worker, and ideal teacher,
philanthrophist, journalist, poet, philosopher and a preacher of Jagannath cult. Died on 17th June 1928.
PANDIT NILAKANTHA DAS
In the early part of the twentieth century, those highly qualified youths who wanted to bring
renaissance in the field of education and culture on Orissan soil, Pandit Nilakantha Das is one of them.
The others were Pandit Utkalamani Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihar Das,
Pandit Godabarisha Mishra and Pandit Krupasindhu Mishra. These five
comrades are popularly known as PANCHA SAKHA OF SATYABADI ERA.
At the prime of their youth these five comrades had taken a vow not to enter
into Government Service and serve the country and ensure its prosperity.
This illustrious son of Orissa was born on 5th August, 1884 in the
family of Ananda Das at Sri Ramachandrapur village in the district of Puri. He
had his early education at the village school. In 1899 he was admitted to Puri
Zilla School. In 1909 he passed his B.A. and had been to Calcutta to continue
his M.A.) and B.L. studies. In 1911 after returning from Calcutta Pandit
Nilakantha joined as a teacher in Satyabadi School. He then continued as a
Headmaster of the school for a large period. Later he joined as a Professor in
Oriya and Philosophy but relinquished his service in order to join non-cooperation
movement.He was elected as a working member of Utkala Pradesh Congress Committee
and also a member to All India Congress Committee. He edited a newspaper titled Seba from
Sambalpur. After staying nine months at Sambalpur he returned to SriRamachandrapur. He was arrested
in 1922 for anti-British activities and put to Hajaribag Jail for six months. In consultation with Pandit
Gopabandhu Das he decided to contest for General Assembly. In 1923 he was elected as a member of
ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL - 2009
55
central assembly. He participated in Simla Conference in 1926. In 1928, after the death of Pandit
Gopabandhu he took up the leadership of congress in Orissa. As per Lahore Congress decision he
resigned from Central Assembly and after joined Salt-Satyagraha movement and spent six months
jail life. He started untouchable movement and served for the depressed class. For the second time he
was also elected as a member to Central Assembly. In 1933 he edited a monthly Oriya Journal titled
Naba Bharat. In 1934 after the death of Madhusudan the entire burden fell on his head and the first
phase of Mahatma Gandhis tour to Orissa was arranged by him.
In 1936, Orissa became a separate province, Pandit Nilakantha joined as the President, P.C.C.
For his able leadership, out of 60 seats congress got 36 seats.
Under his chairmanship for the spread of higher education in Orissa, he decided to establish
an university for which a committee was constituted and later on as per recommendation of the committee,
Utkal University was established. In 1951 he was elected to Orissa Legislative Assembly from Swadhin
Jana Sangha a new party. In 1955 as per request of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru he joined Congress. In
the said year he was appointed as Pro. Chancellor of Utkal University. He was re-elected in 1957. He
remained as Speaker of Orissa Legislative Assembly from 1957 May to 1961 July.
Death laid its icy finger on him on 6th November 1967. With his death Orissa lost a patriot,
freedom fighter, able legislator, reformer and a poet and one of the architects of modern Orissa.
renaissance in the field of education and culture on Orissan soil, Pandit Nilakantha Das is one of them.
The others were Pandit Utkalamani Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihar Das,
Pandit Godabarisha Mishra and Pandit Krupasindhu Mishra. These five
comrades are popularly known as PANCHA SAKHA OF SATYABADI ERA.
At the prime of their youth these five comrades had taken a vow not to enter
into Government Service and serve the country and ensure its prosperity.
This illustrious son of Orissa was born on 5th August, 1884 in the
family of Ananda Das at Sri Ramachandrapur village in the district of Puri. He
had his early education at the village school. In 1899 he was admitted to Puri
Zilla School. In 1909 he passed his B.A. and had been to Calcutta to continue
his M.A.) and B.L. studies. In 1911 after returning from Calcutta Pandit
Nilakantha joined as a teacher in Satyabadi School. He then continued as a
Headmaster of the school for a large period. Later he joined as a Professor in
Oriya and Philosophy but relinquished his service in order to join non-cooperation
movement.He was elected as a working member of Utkala Pradesh Congress Committee
and also a member to All India Congress Committee. He edited a newspaper titled Seba from
Sambalpur. After staying nine months at Sambalpur he returned to SriRamachandrapur. He was arrested
in 1922 for anti-British activities and put to Hajaribag Jail for six months. In consultation with Pandit
Gopabandhu Das he decided to contest for General Assembly. In 1923 he was elected as a member of
ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL - 2009
55
central assembly. He participated in Simla Conference in 1926. In 1928, after the death of Pandit
Gopabandhu he took up the leadership of congress in Orissa. As per Lahore Congress decision he
resigned from Central Assembly and after joined Salt-Satyagraha movement and spent six months
jail life. He started untouchable movement and served for the depressed class. For the second time he
was also elected as a member to Central Assembly. In 1933 he edited a monthly Oriya Journal titled
Naba Bharat. In 1934 after the death of Madhusudan the entire burden fell on his head and the first
phase of Mahatma Gandhis tour to Orissa was arranged by him.
In 1936, Orissa became a separate province, Pandit Nilakantha joined as the President, P.C.C.
For his able leadership, out of 60 seats congress got 36 seats.
Under his chairmanship for the spread of higher education in Orissa, he decided to establish
an university for which a committee was constituted and later on as per recommendation of the committee,
Utkal University was established. In 1951 he was elected to Orissa Legislative Assembly from Swadhin
Jana Sangha a new party. In 1955 as per request of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru he joined Congress. In
the said year he was appointed as Pro. Chancellor of Utkal University. He was re-elected in 1957. He
remained as Speaker of Orissa Legislative Assembly from 1957 May to 1961 July.
Death laid its icy finger on him on 6th November 1967. With his death Orissa lost a patriot,
freedom fighter, able legislator, reformer and a poet and one of the architects of modern Orissa.
MAHARAJA SHRI KRUSHNA CHANDRA GAJAPATI
NARAYAN DEO
Maharaja Shri Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo of Paralakhemundi,
the son of Late Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo was born on 26th April
1892, educated in Madras, assumed rulership in 1913, an enlightened and
benevolent ruler; a patron of education and culture organised the annual session
of the Utkal Union Conference at Paralakhemundi in 1914. In 1916, he was
nominated by the Government to hold the post of Honorary Commissioner of
the Land-Force of the Defence of India, laid a light railway through his Estate
connecting Naupada with Paralakhemundi; set up a big library in his palace for
research scholars, an important member of the justice party of Madras, member
of the Royal Agricultural Commission in 1927, member of the Madras
Legislative Council, represented the case of Orissa at the Round Table
Conference, London, 1930-31, deposed before the joint Parliamentary Committee for the union of
Paralakhemundi with Orissa in 1934, placed the printed Memorandum before the authorities and strongly
advocated for inclusion of the Oriya Portions of Paralakhemundi in Orissa and Orissa for a separate
province; formed the non-Congress Ministry in Orissa in 1937, the Government conferred on him the title
of Maharaja in 1936 in recognition of his honour and merit. In 1941 November the Maharaja was invited to
form the Ministry and assumed the Chief Ministership. Member of the Constituent Assembly of India
1947-50, life member of the Royal Society of Arts and Royal Asiatic Society, London; Life member of
Utkal University, Utkal University conferred on him the degree of LL. D. This
worthy illustrious son of Orissa passed on 25th May 1974.
the son of Late Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo was born on 26th April
1892, educated in Madras, assumed rulership in 1913, an enlightened and
benevolent ruler; a patron of education and culture organised the annual session
of the Utkal Union Conference at Paralakhemundi in 1914. In 1916, he was
nominated by the Government to hold the post of Honorary Commissioner of
the Land-Force of the Defence of India, laid a light railway through his Estate
connecting Naupada with Paralakhemundi; set up a big library in his palace for
research scholars, an important member of the justice party of Madras, member
of the Royal Agricultural Commission in 1927, member of the Madras
Legislative Council, represented the case of Orissa at the Round Table
Conference, London, 1930-31, deposed before the joint Parliamentary Committee for the union of
Paralakhemundi with Orissa in 1934, placed the printed Memorandum before the authorities and strongly
advocated for inclusion of the Oriya Portions of Paralakhemundi in Orissa and Orissa for a separate
province; formed the non-Congress Ministry in Orissa in 1937, the Government conferred on him the title
of Maharaja in 1936 in recognition of his honour and merit. In 1941 November the Maharaja was invited to
form the Ministry and assumed the Chief Ministership. Member of the Constituent Assembly of India
1947-50, life member of the Royal Society of Arts and Royal Asiatic Society, London; Life member of
Utkal University, Utkal University conferred on him the degree of LL. D. This
worthy illustrious son of Orissa passed on 25th May 1974.
DR. HAREKRUSHNA MAHATAB
Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab was the son of Krushna Charan Das and
Tohapha Debi. He was born on 21st November 1899 at Agarpada in undivided
Balasore district. After matriculation from Bhadrak High School, he joined
Ravenshaw College, Cuttack for his higher studies, which were left incomplete
as he was irresistibly drawn to the National Liberation Movement in 1921.
Thereafter his life was a saga of struggle and dedication to the cause of
countrys freedom. He started weekly Prajatantra in 1923 at Balasore. First
imprisonment on charge of sedition in the year 1922. He was the member of
56
ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL - 2009
Bihar and Orissa Council in 1924. He joined Salt Movement and imprisoned in 1930. He participated in
Harijan Movement in 1934 and opened his ancestral temple to Harijans for the first time in Orissa. He
was the President of State Peoples Enquiry Committee in 1938 and recommended cancellation of
Sananda of Rulers and merger of Ex-State with Orissa Province. He participated in Non-Co-operation
Movement and courted imprisonment in 1941 and Quit India Movement in 1942. Dr. Harekrushna
Mahatab was the Chief Minister of Orissa from 1946 to 1950, Union Minister of Commerce and Industry
from 195052, Secretary General, Congress Party in Parliament 1952, Governor of Bombay from
1955-56, resigned from Governorship in 1956 and again became the Chief Minister of Orissa from 1956
to 1960. Dr. Mahatab has been rightly recognised as the architect of modern Orissa for his pivotal role
in the merger and integration of former princely States, founding the States Capital at Bhubaneswar
and the sanction and construction of the multi-purpose Hirakud Dam Project.
He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1962. He was elected to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1967,
1971 and 1974.
He was the founder of the Prajatantra Prachar Samiti which till today publish Daily Prajatantra
and Jhankar a monthly journal. He was Chief Editor of the publications since inception. He was the
President of Orissa Sahitya Academy and Sangit Natak Academy for a couple of terms. Permanent
member of the Utkal University Senate. He was a distinguished historian and writer in English and
Oriya. He was conferred Honorary Degree of Doctor by Andhra University, Degree of Doctor of Literature
by Utkal University and Doctor of Laws by Sagar University.
True to his multifaceted personality, Dr. Mahatab earned distinction as an accomplished writer
History of Orissa, Beginning of the End. Apart from this, he had authored several novels, plays and
poems which are acclaimed for their literary value. The compilation of his popular column Gaon
Mazlis published in Daily Prajatantra received the Central Sahitya Academy Award in 1983.
Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab was a political leader par excellence. He towered over the time and
events to lead the people of the State through years of transition during independence and thereafter.
This illustrious son of this soil passed away on 2nd January, 1987.
Tohapha Debi. He was born on 21st November 1899 at Agarpada in undivided
Balasore district. After matriculation from Bhadrak High School, he joined
Ravenshaw College, Cuttack for his higher studies, which were left incomplete
as he was irresistibly drawn to the National Liberation Movement in 1921.
Thereafter his life was a saga of struggle and dedication to the cause of
countrys freedom. He started weekly Prajatantra in 1923 at Balasore. First
imprisonment on charge of sedition in the year 1922. He was the member of
56
ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL - 2009
Bihar and Orissa Council in 1924. He joined Salt Movement and imprisoned in 1930. He participated in
Harijan Movement in 1934 and opened his ancestral temple to Harijans for the first time in Orissa. He
was the President of State Peoples Enquiry Committee in 1938 and recommended cancellation of
Sananda of Rulers and merger of Ex-State with Orissa Province. He participated in Non-Co-operation
Movement and courted imprisonment in 1941 and Quit India Movement in 1942. Dr. Harekrushna
Mahatab was the Chief Minister of Orissa from 1946 to 1950, Union Minister of Commerce and Industry
from 195052, Secretary General, Congress Party in Parliament 1952, Governor of Bombay from
1955-56, resigned from Governorship in 1956 and again became the Chief Minister of Orissa from 1956
to 1960. Dr. Mahatab has been rightly recognised as the architect of modern Orissa for his pivotal role
in the merger and integration of former princely States, founding the States Capital at Bhubaneswar
and the sanction and construction of the multi-purpose Hirakud Dam Project.
He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1962. He was elected to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1967,
1971 and 1974.
He was the founder of the Prajatantra Prachar Samiti which till today publish Daily Prajatantra
and Jhankar a monthly journal. He was Chief Editor of the publications since inception. He was the
President of Orissa Sahitya Academy and Sangit Natak Academy for a couple of terms. Permanent
member of the Utkal University Senate. He was a distinguished historian and writer in English and
Oriya. He was conferred Honorary Degree of Doctor by Andhra University, Degree of Doctor of Literature
by Utkal University and Doctor of Laws by Sagar University.
True to his multifaceted personality, Dr. Mahatab earned distinction as an accomplished writer
History of Orissa, Beginning of the End. Apart from this, he had authored several novels, plays and
poems which are acclaimed for their literary value. The compilation of his popular column Gaon
Mazlis published in Daily Prajatantra received the Central Sahitya Academy Award in 1983.
Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab was a political leader par excellence. He towered over the time and
events to lead the people of the State through years of transition during independence and thereafter.
This illustrious son of this soil passed away on 2nd January, 1987.
RAJA BAHADUR RAMACHANDRA MARDARAJ DEO
The significant contribution of many a great leaders during 1920s
and 30s resulted in the formation of a separate Orissa Province. Raja Bahadur
Ramachandra Mardaraj Deo of Khallikote was one of them. He was born to
Raja Harihar Mardaraj and Rani Kanak Manjari Devi on 13th January 1900. In
the days to come, he was destined to shape the future of Orissa.
As a child, he was nicknamed Eric. He was brought up under the
guidance of Governess Mrs. F. Harvey Dunn. He lost his father Raja Harihar
Mardaraj Deo on 20th July 1909. Then he was sent to Madras for schooling
at NewIngton. He studied at Christian College upto the age of his eligibility to
take charge of his own estate. He came to the throne of Khallikote on 14th
January 1921.
As first step in his pioneering efforts towards the formation of Orissa Province, he impressed
upon the Philip-Duff Committee set up in 1924 in favour of this cause. Mr. C.L. Philip and Mr. A.C. Duff
came to Rambha, stayed in the palace of Raja Sahib as his guests from 17th to 21st December 1924.
A well attended public meeting was organised at Khallikotegarh and the impressed committee gave a
report in favour of the amalgamation.
However, the O'donnel Commission which was constituted later on gave a very discourag
report. But, Ramachandra Mardaraj debated against it in Madras Legislative Council. Inaugurating a
special meeting of Utkal Union Conference on 21st August 1932, he emphasised on the merger of
Oriya tracts as per Philip-Duff committee recommendations.
Raja Sahib attended the 3rd Round Table conference in London where he forcefully made
arguments for the cause. To augment his approach, he hosted the famous 'Orissa Banquet' on 12th
January 1933 and there he impressed upon Sri Samuel Hoare, the Secretary of State for India and
finally managed to get the approval of Sir Samuel in favour of separate Orissa Province.
As per the deliberations of 3rd Round Table Conference, a Joint Parliamentary Committee was
constituted to look into this matter. Finally, the Government of India Act, 1935 was adopted and the
clause 289 of this Act provided for the formation of a Separate Orissa Province.
Raja Ramachandra Mardaraj Deo was a dynamic leader with full creative energy. His wide
administrative and political experience and competence was a source of strength and inspiration for
people who worked with him. He dedicated his life fully for the people of Orissa and worked for their
welfare. The great Raja Sahib breathed his last on 23rd January 1963.
and 30s resulted in the formation of a separate Orissa Province. Raja Bahadur
Ramachandra Mardaraj Deo of Khallikote was one of them. He was born to
Raja Harihar Mardaraj and Rani Kanak Manjari Devi on 13th January 1900. In
the days to come, he was destined to shape the future of Orissa.
As a child, he was nicknamed Eric. He was brought up under the
guidance of Governess Mrs. F. Harvey Dunn. He lost his father Raja Harihar
Mardaraj Deo on 20th July 1909. Then he was sent to Madras for schooling
at NewIngton. He studied at Christian College upto the age of his eligibility to
take charge of his own estate. He came to the throne of Khallikote on 14th
January 1921.
As first step in his pioneering efforts towards the formation of Orissa Province, he impressed
upon the Philip-Duff Committee set up in 1924 in favour of this cause. Mr. C.L. Philip and Mr. A.C. Duff
came to Rambha, stayed in the palace of Raja Sahib as his guests from 17th to 21st December 1924.
A well attended public meeting was organised at Khallikotegarh and the impressed committee gave a
report in favour of the amalgamation.
However, the O'donnel Commission which was constituted later on gave a very discourag
report. But, Ramachandra Mardaraj debated against it in Madras Legislative Council. Inaugurating a
special meeting of Utkal Union Conference on 21st August 1932, he emphasised on the merger of
Oriya tracts as per Philip-Duff committee recommendations.
Raja Sahib attended the 3rd Round Table conference in London where he forcefully made
arguments for the cause. To augment his approach, he hosted the famous 'Orissa Banquet' on 12th
January 1933 and there he impressed upon Sri Samuel Hoare, the Secretary of State for India and
finally managed to get the approval of Sir Samuel in favour of separate Orissa Province.
As per the deliberations of 3rd Round Table Conference, a Joint Parliamentary Committee was
constituted to look into this matter. Finally, the Government of India Act, 1935 was adopted and the
clause 289 of this Act provided for the formation of a Separate Orissa Province.
Raja Ramachandra Mardaraj Deo was a dynamic leader with full creative energy. His wide
administrative and political experience and competence was a source of strength and inspiration for
people who worked with him. He dedicated his life fully for the people of Orissa and worked for their
welfare. The great Raja Sahib breathed his last on 23rd January 1963.
BIJAYANANDA PATNAIK
Bijayananda Patnaik popularly known as Biju PatnaikBorn on 5th March, 1916Son of Late
Laxminarayan PatnaikEducation : B. Sc.standard; Married : Shrimati Gyan Patnaik, two sons and
one daughter ; Prior occupation : Business; Hobbies : Aeronautics and Industry; Travel Abroad : U. K.,
U. S. A., U. S. S. R., Paris, Indonesia and several other countries; Political
activities : Since boyhood fond of adventurous life; During student life set
out on cycle from Cuttack to Peshawar ; joined Indian National Airways and
became its ace pilot, During Quit India Movement collaborated with
underground leaders; Imprisoned for thirty months ; At the risk of his life he
brought the Indonesian Premier Mr. Sultan Siharir to New Delhi by plane at
the time of Indonesian Freedom Struggle. First Indian plane was landed by
him in Kashmir in 1947, when Pakistan attacked India ; on returning to
Orissa took interest in Industries and established many; President, U. P. C.
C. one term; Member, A. I. C. C., In 1961 Mid-term election under his
leadership brought unprecedented absolute majority for Congress Party;
Became Chief Minister 196163 and resigned under Kamraj Plan; Kalinga
Airways is one of his creations. Donor of 1,000 pound prize to UNESCO as
Science Award; Elected to the Orissa Legislative Assembly 1952, 1957,
1961 from Jagannathprasad, Surada (Ganjam) and Choudwar (Cuttack) respectively; again elected in
1971 and 1974 from Rajnagar (Cuttack); Chairman, Planning Board, Government of Orissa from 1971
to 1972 June. Took active part and rendered valuable service to the people of Rajnagar area in particular
who suffered from the havoc caused by the cyclone in October, 1971. Elected to Parliament in 1977
and Cabinet Minister of the Central Ministry 1977 to 1979. Elected to Lok Sabha from Kendrapara
Constituency in 1980. Again Shri Patnaik was elected to Lok Sabha from Kendrapara Parliamentary
Constituency in 1984 Lok Sabha election. He was also elected from Bhubaneswar Assembly
Constituency to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1985 General Election. He resigned from Kendrapara
Parliamentary Constituency and became the Opposition Leader in Orissa Legislative Assembly. Again
he was elected to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 10th Orissa Legislative Assembly Election from
Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency. In 1990 under his dynamic leadership the Janata Dal secured
more than three fourth majority of the Orissa Legislative Assembly which is quite unprecedented. He
was unanimously elected as the Leader of the Janata Dal in Orissa Legislative Assembly and on his
birth day he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Orissa on 5th March, 1990. Again he was elected
from Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency in March, 1995 and became Leader of Opposition. Later he
contested for Lok Sabha Election held in June, 1996 from Aska and Cuttack Constituency. He was
elected from both the Constituencies. He resigned from O. L. A. and joined as Parliament Member from
Aska Lok Sabha Constituency. The age old leader passed away on 17th April, 1997 at Escort Hospital,New Delhi.
Laxminarayan PatnaikEducation : B. Sc.standard; Married : Shrimati Gyan Patnaik, two sons and
one daughter ; Prior occupation : Business; Hobbies : Aeronautics and Industry; Travel Abroad : U. K.,
U. S. A., U. S. S. R., Paris, Indonesia and several other countries; Political
activities : Since boyhood fond of adventurous life; During student life set
out on cycle from Cuttack to Peshawar ; joined Indian National Airways and
became its ace pilot, During Quit India Movement collaborated with
underground leaders; Imprisoned for thirty months ; At the risk of his life he
brought the Indonesian Premier Mr. Sultan Siharir to New Delhi by plane at
the time of Indonesian Freedom Struggle. First Indian plane was landed by
him in Kashmir in 1947, when Pakistan attacked India ; on returning to
Orissa took interest in Industries and established many; President, U. P. C.
C. one term; Member, A. I. C. C., In 1961 Mid-term election under his
leadership brought unprecedented absolute majority for Congress Party;
Became Chief Minister 196163 and resigned under Kamraj Plan; Kalinga
Airways is one of his creations. Donor of 1,000 pound prize to UNESCO as
Science Award; Elected to the Orissa Legislative Assembly 1952, 1957,
1961 from Jagannathprasad, Surada (Ganjam) and Choudwar (Cuttack) respectively; again elected in
1971 and 1974 from Rajnagar (Cuttack); Chairman, Planning Board, Government of Orissa from 1971
to 1972 June. Took active part and rendered valuable service to the people of Rajnagar area in particular
who suffered from the havoc caused by the cyclone in October, 1971. Elected to Parliament in 1977
and Cabinet Minister of the Central Ministry 1977 to 1979. Elected to Lok Sabha from Kendrapara
Constituency in 1980. Again Shri Patnaik was elected to Lok Sabha from Kendrapara Parliamentary
Constituency in 1984 Lok Sabha election. He was also elected from Bhubaneswar Assembly
Constituency to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1985 General Election. He resigned from Kendrapara
Parliamentary Constituency and became the Opposition Leader in Orissa Legislative Assembly. Again
he was elected to Orissa Legislative Assembly in 10th Orissa Legislative Assembly Election from
Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency. In 1990 under his dynamic leadership the Janata Dal secured
more than three fourth majority of the Orissa Legislative Assembly which is quite unprecedented. He
was unanimously elected as the Leader of the Janata Dal in Orissa Legislative Assembly and on his
birth day he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Orissa on 5th March, 1990. Again he was elected
from Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency in March, 1995 and became Leader of Opposition. Later he
contested for Lok Sabha Election held in June, 1996 from Aska and Cuttack Constituency. He was
elected from both the Constituencies. He resigned from O. L. A. and joined as Parliament Member from
Aska Lok Sabha Constituency. The age old leader passed away on 17th April, 1997 at Escort Hospital,New Delhi.